L&D Glossary
Clear definitions of the terms that shape corporate learning — from instructional design and SCORM to Arabic localization and right-to-left design. Written for practitioners, in Arabic and English.
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L&D Fundamentals
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70:20:10 Model
The 70:20:10 model proposes that professional capability develops roughly 70% through challenging on-the-job…
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ADDIE Model ADDIE
ADDIE is a five-phase instructional design framework: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation…
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Andragogy
Andragogy is the theory and practice of adult learning, distinguished from pedagogy (the teaching of children) by a…
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Bloom's Taxonomy
Bloom's Taxonomy classifies learning objectives by cognitive demand, from lower-order to higher-order thinking…
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Competency Framework
A competency framework is a structured description of the knowledge, skills and behaviors a role requires, usually…
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Instructional Design ID
Instructional design is the practice of turning subject-matter content into structured learning experiences that…
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Kirkpatrick Model
The Kirkpatrick Model evaluates training across four levels: Reaction (did learners find it relevant and engaging)…
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Learning and Development L&D
Learning and Development (L&D) is the organizational function responsible for building the skills, knowledge and…
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Learning Objectives
Learning objectives are precise statements of what a learner will be able to do after instruction, expressed as…
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Skills Gap Analysis
Skills gap analysis compares the skills an organization currently holds against those its strategy requires, at a…
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Training Needs Analysis TNA
Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is the structured process of identifying the gap between current and required…
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Upskilling and Reskilling
Upskilling deepens capability within a person's existing role or field, so they can handle more advanced or expanded…
Platforms & Technology
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AI-Powered Learning
AI-powered learning applies machine learning and generative models to the learning workflow: recommending relevant…
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Authoring Tool
An authoring tool is the software used to build e-learning content — assembling text, media, interactions and…
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Dynamic Enablement
Dynamic enablement is an analyst term, introduced by the Josh Bersin Company in 2026, for AI-native systems that…
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Learning Analytics
Learning analytics is the collection and interpretation of data about learners and learning activity in order to…
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Learning Experience Platform LXP
A Learning Experience Platform (LXP) organizes learning around discovery rather than assignment. It aggregates content…
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Learning Management System LMS
A Learning Management System (LMS) is the platform organizations use to deliver, assign, track and report on training…
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Learning Record Store LRS
A Learning Record Store (LRS) is the database that receives, validates and stores xAPI statements, and exposes them…
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Multi-Tenant LMS
A multi-tenant LMS hosts several distinct audiences — subsidiaries, franchisees, client organizations or partner…
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SCORM SCORM
SCORM (Shareable Content Object Reference Model) is the long-established standard for packaging e-learning content so…
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Single Sign-On SSO
Single Sign-On (SSO) lets employees access a learning platform using their existing corporate identity, without a…
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Skills Intelligence
Skills intelligence is a continuously maintained, data-driven picture of the skills a workforce holds, the skills its…
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Talent Management System TMS
A Talent Management System (TMS) is the platform layer covering the employee lifecycle beyond learning: recruitment…
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White-Label LMS
A white-label LMS can be presented entirely under the customer's brand — logo, colors, typography, domain and email…
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xAPI (Experience API) xAPI
xAPI, also known as the Experience API or Tin Can API, is a specification for recording learning experiences as simple…
Learning Delivery & Modalities
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Arabic eLearning and Localization
Arabic localization adapts learning content for Arabic-speaking learners: translation by subject-matter-literate…
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Blended Learning
Blended learning combines digital and face-to-face delivery in one designed program, assigning each element to the…
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eLearning
eLearning is structured training delivered through digital technology, typically as self-contained online modules…
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Instructor-Led Training ILT
Instructor-Led Training (ILT) is training delivered in real time by a facilitator to a group, traditionally in a…
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Learning in the Flow of Work LITFOW
Learning in the flow of work delivers guidance at the moment of need, inside the task and the tools people already…
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Microlearning
Microlearning delivers training in short, focused units — typically two to seven minutes — each addressing a single…
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Mobile Learning
Mobile learning delivers training on phones and tablets, designed for the conditions those devices are used in: small…
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RTL (Right-to-Left) Learning Design RTL
RTL design adapts a learning interface for right-to-left languages such as Arabic: mirroring layout and navigation…
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Self-Paced Learning
Self-paced learning lets each learner control when they study and how quickly they progress, working through content…
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Social Learning
Social learning is capability developed through interaction with others — observation, discussion, peer feedback…
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Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning
Synchronous learning happens with everyone present at the same time — a classroom session, a virtual class, a live…
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Virtual Instructor-Led Training VILT
Virtual Instructor-Led Training (VILT) is live facilitated training delivered remotely through a virtual classroom or…
Engagement & Learning Design
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Cognitive Load
Cognitive load is the amount of working memory a learning task demands. Cognitive load theory distinguishes load…
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Digital Badges and Micro-Credentials
A digital badge is a verifiable digital token representing a specific achievement, carrying embedded metadata about…
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Game-Based Learning
Game-based learning teaches through play: the learner achieves the learning objective by pursuing a goal under rules…
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Gamification
Gamification applies game mechanics — points, levels, badges, leaderboards, streaks and challenges — to activities…
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Immersive Learning
Immersive learning uses virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality to place learners in a spatial…
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Scenario-Based Learning
Scenario-based learning places the learner in a realistic situation and asks them to decide, then shows the…
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Serious Games
Serious games are full games built for a purpose beyond entertainment — training, assessment, behavior change or…
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Simulation-Based Training
Simulation-based training reproduces a real system, environment or interaction closely enough that learners can…
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Spaced Repetition
Spaced repetition schedules review of material at increasing intervals over time, prompting recall just as it begins…
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Storytelling in Learning
Storytelling in learning uses narrative structure — a character with a goal, an obstacle, consequences and resolution…
Measurement & Impact
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Certification and Certificates of Completion
A certificate of completion records that someone finished a course. A certification attests that they met a defined…
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Compliance Training
Compliance training is mandatory instruction required by law, regulation, industry standard or internal policy —…
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Content Digitization
Content digitization converts existing training material — classroom decks, manuals, recorded sessions, policy…
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Course Completion Rate
Course completion rate is the proportion of enrolled learners who finish a course within a defined period. It is the…
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Formative and Summative Assessment
Formative assessment happens during learning to guide it — low-stakes checks, practice questions and feedback that…
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Learner Engagement
Learner engagement describes the attention, effort and persistence learners invest in a program. It is inferred from…
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Learning Impact Measurement
Learning impact measurement establishes whether a program changed behavior on the job and moved the business outcome…
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Training ROI ROI
Training return on investment expresses the monetary benefit of a program against its full cost, conventionally as…
Talent & Workforce Development
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Career Pathing
Career pathing maps the routes an employee can take through an organization — vertical promotion, lateral moves into…
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Corporate Academy
A corporate academy is a branded, structured learning institution inside an organization, with defined learning paths…
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Employee Engagement
Employee engagement is the degree of commitment, discretionary effort and psychological investment employees bring to…
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Employee Onboarding
Employee onboarding is the structured process of integrating a new hire into their role, team and organization —…
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Individual Development Plan IDP
An Individual Development Plan (IDP) is a documented agreement between an employee and their manager setting out…
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Internal Mobility
Internal mobility is the movement of existing employees into new roles within the organization, whether upward…
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Succession Planning
Succession planning identifies the critical roles an organization cannot afford to leave vacant, assesses who could…
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Talent Management
Talent management is the integrated set of practices for attracting, developing, deploying and retaining the people an…